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Colour and the optical properties of materials : an exploration of the relationship between light, the optical properties of materials and colour /

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Tilley, R. J. D.
Format: Book
Language:English
Published: Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. : Wiley, 2011.
Edition:2nd ed.
Subjects:
Light.
Optics.
Color.
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Table of Contents:
  • Machine generated contents note:
  • 1.
  • Light and Colour
  • 1.1.
  • Colour and Light
  • 1.2.
  • Colour and Energy
  • 1.3.
  • Light Waves
  • 1.4.
  • Interference
  • 1.5.
  • Light Waves and Colour
  • 1.6.
  • Black-Body Radiation and Incandescence
  • 1.7.
  • The Colour of Incandescent Objects
  • 1.8.
  • Photons
  • 1.9.
  • Lamps and Lasers
  • 1.9.1.
  • Lamps
  • 1.9.2.
  • Emission and Absorption of Radiation
  • 1.9.3.
  • Energy-Level Populations
  • 1.9.4.
  • Rates of Absorption and Emission
  • 1.9.5.
  • Cavity Modes
  • 1.10.
  • Vision
  • 1.11.
  • Colour Perception
  • 1.12.
  • Additive Coloration
  • 1.13.
  • The Interaction of Light with a Material
  • 1.14.
  • Subtractive Coloration
  • 1.15.
  • Electronic Paper
  • 1.16.
  • Appearance and Transparency
  • Appendix A1.1
  • Definitions, Units and Conversion Factors
  • A1.1.1.
  • Constants, Conversion Factors and Energy
  • A1.1.2.
  • Waves
  • A1.1.3.
  • SI Units Associated with Radiation and Light Further Reading
  • 2.
  • Colours Due to Refraction and Dispersion
  • 2.1.
  • Refraction and the Refractive Index of a Material.
  • 2.2.
  • Total Internal Reflection
  • 2.2.1.
  • Total Internal Reflection
  • 2.2.2.
  • Evanescent Waves
  • 2.3.
  • Refractive Index and Polarisability
  • 2.4.
  • Refractive Index and Density
  • 2.5.
  • Invisible Animals, GRINs and Mirages
  • 2.6.
  • Dispersion and Colours Produced by Dispersion
  • 2.7.
  • Rainbows
  • 2.8.
  • Halos
  • 2.9.
  • Fibre Optics
  • 2.9.1.
  • Optical Communications
  • 2.9.2.
  • Optical Fibres
  • 2.9.3.
  • Attenuation in Glass Fibres
  • 2.9.4.
  • Chemical Impurities
  • 2.9.5.
  • Dispersion and Optical-Fibre Design
  • 2.10.
  • Negative Refractive Index Materials
  • 2.10.1.
  • Metamaterials
  • 2.10.2.
  • Superlenses
  • Further Reading
  • 3.
  • The Production of Colour by Reflection
  • 3.1.
  • Reflection from a Single Surface
  • 3.1.1.
  • Reflection from a Transparent Plate
  • 3.1.2.
  • Data Storage Using Reflection
  • 3.2.
  • Interference at a Single Thin Film in Air
  • 3.2.1.
  • Reflection Perpendicular to the Film
  • 3.2.2.
  • Variation with Viewing Angle
  • 3.2.3.
  • Transmitted Beams
  • 3.3.
  • The Colour of a Single Thin Film in Air
  • 3.4.
  • The Reflectivity of a Single Thin Film in Air.
  • 4.5.1.
  • Double Refraction
  • 4.5.2.
  • Refractive Index and Crystal Structure
  • 4.6.
  • The Description of Double Refraction Effects
  • 4.6.1.
  • Uniaxial Crystals
  • 4.6.2.
  • Biaxial Crystals
  • 4.7.
  • Colour Produced by Polarisation and Birefringence
  • 4.8.
  • Dichroism and Pleochroism
  • 4.9.
  • Nonlinear Effects
  • 4.9.1.
  • Nonlinear Crystals
  • 4.9.2.
  • Second-and Third-Harmonic Generation
  • 4.9.3.
  • Frequency Mixing
  • 4.9.4.
  • Optical Parametric Amplifiers and Oscillators
  • 4.10.
  • Frequency Matching and Phase Matching
  • 4.11.
  • More on Second-Harmonic Generation
  • 4.11.1.
  • Polycrystalline Solids and Powders
  • 4.11.2.
  • Second-Harmonic Generation in Glass
  • 4.11.3.
  • Second-Harmonic and Sum-Frequency-Generation by Organic Materials
  • 4.11.4.
  • Second-Harmonic Generation at Interfaces
  • 4.11.5.
  • Second-Harmonic Microscopy
  • 4.12.
  • Optical Activity
  • 4.12.1.
  • The Rotation of Polarised Light
  • 4.12.2.
  • Circular Birefringence and Dichroism
  • 4.13.
  • Liquid Crystals
  • 4.13.1.
  • Liquid-Crystal Mesophases
  • 4.13.2.
  • Liquid-Crystal Displays
  • Further Reading
  • 5.
  • Colour Due to Scattering.
  • 5.1.
  • Scattering and Extinction
  • 5.2.
  • Tyndall Blue and Rayleigh Scattering
  • 5.3.
  • Blue Skies, Red Sunsets
  • 5.4.
  • Scattering and Polarisation
  • 5.5.
  • Mie Scattering
  • 5.6.
  • Blue Eyes, Blue Feathers and Blue Moons
  • 5.7.
  • Paints, Sunscreens and Related Matters
  • 5.8.
  • Multiple Scattering
  • 5.9.
  • Gold Sols and Ruby Glass
  • 5.10.
  • The Lycurgus Cup and Other Stained Glass
  • Further Reading
  • 6.
  • Colour Due to Diffraction
  • 6.1.
  • Diffraction and Colour Production by a Slit
  • 6.2.
  • Diffraction and Colour Production by a Rectangular Aperture
  • 6.3.
  • Diffraction and Colour Production by a Circular Aperture
  • 6.4.
  • The Diffraction Limit of Optical Instruments
  • 6.5.
  • Colour Production by Linear Diffraction Gratings
  • 6.6.
  • Two-Dimensional Gratings
  • 6.7.
  • Estimation of the Wavelength of Light by Diffraction
  • 6.8.
  • Diffraction by Crystals and Crystal-like Structures
  • 6.8.1.
  • Bragg's Law
  • 6.8.2.
  • Opals
  • 6.8.3.
  • Artificial and Inverse Opals
  • 6.8.4.
  • The Effective Refractive Index of Inverse Opals
  • 6.8.5.
  • Photonic Crystals and Photonic Band Gaps.
  • 6.8.6.
  • Dynamical Form of Bragg's Law
  • 6.9.
  • Diffraction from Disordered Gratings
  • 6.9.1.
  • Random Specks and Droplets
  • 6.9.2.
  • Colour from Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
  • 6.9.3.
  • Disordered Two-and Three-Dimensional Gratings
  • 6.10.
  • Diffraction by Sub-Wavelength Structures
  • 6.10.1.
  • Diffraction by Moth-Eye Antireflection Structures
  • 6.10.2.
  • The Cornea of the Eye
  • 6.10.3.
  • Some Blue Feathers
  • 6.11.
  • Holograms
  • 6.11.1.
  • Holograms and Interference Patterns
  • 6.11.2.
  • Transmission Holograms
  • 6.11.3.
  • Reflection Holograms
  • 6.11.4.
  • Rainbow Holograms
  • 6.11.5.
  • Hologram Recording Media
  • 6.11.6.
  • Embossed Holograms
  • Further Reading
  • 7.
  • Colour from Atoms and Ions
  • 7.1.
  • The Spectra of Atoms and Ions
  • 7.2.
  • Terms and Levels
  • 7.3.
  • Atomic Spectra and Chemical Analysis
  • 7.4.
  • Fraunhofer Lines and Stellar Spectra
  • 7.5.
  • Neon Signs and Early Plasma Displays
  • 7.6.
  • The Helium
  • Neon Laser
  • 7.7.
  • Sodium and Mercury Street Lights
  • 7.8.
  • Transition Metals and Crystal-Field Colours
  • 7.9.
  • Crystal Field Splitting, Energy Levels and Terms.
  • 7.9.1.
  • Configurations and Strong Field Energy Levels
  • 7.9.2.
  • Weak Fields and Term Splitting
  • 7.9.3.
  • Intermediate Fields
  • 7.10.
  • The Colour of Ruby
  • 7.11.
  • Transition-Metal-Ion Lasers
  • 7.11.1.
  • The Ruby Laser: A Three-Level Laser
  • 7.11.2.
  • The Titanium
  • Sapphire Laser
  • 7.12.
  • Emerald, Alexandrite and Crystal-Field Strength
  • 7.13.
  • Crystal-Field Colours in Minerals and Gemstones
  • 7.14.
  • Colour as a Structural Probe
  • 7.15.
  • Colours from Lanthanoid Ions
  • 7.16.
  • The Neodymium (Nd3+) Solid-State Laser: A Four-Level Laser
  • 7.17.
  • Amplification of Optical-Fibre Signals
  • 7.18.
  • Transition Metal, Lanthanoid and Actinoid Pigments
  • 7.19.
  • Spectral-Hole Formation
  • Appendix A7.1
  • Electron Configurations
  • A7.1.1.
  • Electron Configurations of the Lighter Atoms
  • A7.1.2.
  • The 3d Transition Metals
  • A7.1.3.
  • The Lanthanoid (Rare Earth) Elements
  • Appendix A7.2
  • Terms and Levels
  • A7.2.1.
  • The Vector Model of the Atom
  • A7.2.2.
  • Energy Levels and Terms of Many-Electron Atoms
  • A7.2.3.
  • The Ground-State Term of an Atom
  • A7.2.4.
  • Energy Levels of Many-Electron Atoms
  • Further Reading.
  • 8.
  • Colour from Molecules
  • 8.1.
  • The Energy Levels of Molecules
  • 8.2.
  • The Colours Arising in Some Simple Inorganic Molecules
  • 8.3.
  • The Colour of Water
  • 8.4.
  • Chromophores, Chromogens and Auxochromes
  • 8.5.
  • Conjugated Bonds in Organic Molecules: The Carotenoids
  • 8.6.
  • Conjugated Bonds Circling Metal Atoms: Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines
  • 8.7.
  • Naturally Occurring Colorants: Flavonoid Pigments
  • 8.7.1.
  • Flavone-Related Colours: Yellows
  • 8.7.2.
  • Anthocyanin-Related Colours: Reds and Blues
  • 8.7.3.
  • The Colour of Red Wine
  • 8.8.
  • Autumn Leaves
  • 8.9.
  • Some Dyes and Pigments
  • 8.9.1.
  • Indigo, Tyrian Purple and Mauve
  • 8.9.2.
  • Tannins
  • 8.9.3.
  • Melanins
  • 8.10.
  • Charge-Transfer Colours
  • 8.10.1.
  • Charge-Transfer Processes
  • 8.10.2.
  • Cation-to-Cation (Intervalence) Charge Transfer
  • 8.10.3.
  • Anion-to-Cation Charge Transfer
  • 8.10.4.
  • Iron-Containing Minerals
  • 8.10.5.
  • Intra-Anion Charge Transfer
  • 8.11.
  • Colour-Change Sensors
  • 8.11.1.
  • The Detection of Metal Ions
  • 8.11.2.
  • Indicators
  • 8.11.3.
  • Colorimetric Sensor Films and Arrays
  • 8.11.4.
  • Markers
  • 8.12.
  • Dye Lasers.
  • 8.13.
  • Photochromic Organic Molecules
  • Further Reading
  • 9.
  • Luminescence
  • 9.1.
  • Luminescence
  • 9.2.
  • Activators, Sensitisers and Fluorophores
  • 9.3.
  • Atomic Processes in Photoluminescence
  • 9.3.1.
  • Energy Absorption and Emission
  • 9.3.2.
  • Kinetic Factors
  • 9.3.3.
  • Quantum Yield and Reaction Rates
  • 9.3.4.
  • Structural Interactions
  • 9.3.5.
  • Quenching
  • 9.4.
  • Fluorescent Lamps
  • 9.4.1.
  • Fluorescent Lamps
  • 9.4.2.
  • Trichromatic Lamps
  • 9.4.3.
  • Other Fluorescent Lamps
  • 9.5.
  • Plasma Displays
  • 9.6.
  • Cathodoluminescence and Cathode Ray Tubes
  • 9.6.1.
  • Cathode Rays
  • 9.6.2.
  • Television Tubes
  • 9.6.3.
  • Other Applications of Cathodoluminescence
  • 9.7.
  • Field-Emission Displays
  • 9.8.
  • Phosphor Electroluminescent Displays
  • 9.9.
  • Up-Conversion.
  • Note continued:
  • 9.9.1.
  • Ground-State Absorption and Excited-State Absorption
  • 9.9.2.
  • Energy Transfer
  • 9.9.3.
  • Other Up-Conversion Processes
  • 9.10.
  • Quantum Cutting
  • 9.11.
  • Fluorescent Molecules
  • 9.11.1.
  • Molecular Fluorescence
  • 9.11.2.
  • Fluorescent Proteins
  • 9.11.3.
  • Fluorescence Microscopy
  • 9.11.4.
  • Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy
  • 9.12.
  • Fluorescent Nanoparticles
  • 9.13.
  • Fluorescent Markers and Sensors
  • 9.14.
  • Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence
  • 9.15.
  • Triboluminescence
  • 9.16.
  • Scintillators
  • Further Reading
  • 10.
  • Colour in Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators
  • 10.1.
  • The Colours of Insulators
  • 10.2.
  • Excitons
  • 10.3.
  • Impurity Colours in Insulators
  • 10.4.
  • Impurity Colours in Diamond
  • 10.5.
  • Colour Centres
  • 10.5.1.
  • The F Centre.
  • 10.5.2.
  • Electron and Hole Centres
  • 10.5.3.
  • Surface Colour Centres
  • 10.5.4.
  • Complex Colour Centres: Laser Action
  • 10.5.5.
  • Photostimulable Phosphors
  • 10.6.
  • The Colours of Inorganic Semiconductors
  • 10.6.1.
  • Coloured Semiconductors
  • 10.6.2.
  • Transparent Conducting Oxides
  • 10.7.
  • The Colours of Semiconductor Alloys
  • 10.8.
  • Light Emitting Diodes
  • 10.8.1.
  • Direct and Indirect Band Gaps
  • 10.8.2.
  • Idealised Diode Structure
  • 10.8.3.
  • High-Brightness LEDs
  • 10.8.4.
  • Impurity Doping in LEDs
  • 10.8.5.
  • LED Displays and White Light Generation
  • 10.9.
  • Semiconductor Diode Lasers
  • 10.10.
  • Semiconductor Nanostructures
  • 10.10.1.
  • Nanostructures
  • 10.10.2.
  • Quantum Wells
  • 10.10.3.
  • Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots
  • 10.11.
  • Organic Semiconductors and Electroluminescence
  • 10.11.1.
  • Molecular Electroluminescence
  • 10.11.2.
  • Organic Light Emitting Diodes.
  • 10.12.
  • Electrochromic Films
  • 10.12.1.
  • Tungsten Trioxide Electrochromic Films
  • 10.12.2.
  • Inorganic Electrochromic Materials
  • 10.12.3.
  • Electrochromic Molecules
  • 10.12.4.
  • Electrochromic Polymers
  • 10.13.
  • Photovoltaics
  • 10.13.1.
  • Photoconductivity and Photovoltaic Solar Cells
  • 10.13.2.
  • Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells
  • 10.14.
  • Digital Photography
  • 10.14.1.
  • Charge Coupled Devices
  • 10.14.2.
  • CCD Photography
  • 10.15.
  • The Colours of Metals
  • 10.16.
  • The Colours of Metal Nanoparticles
  • 10.16.1.
  • Plasmons
  • 10.16.2.
  • Surface Plasmons and Polaritons
  • 10.16.3.
  • Polychromic Glass
  • 10.16.4.
  • Photochromic Glass
  • 10.16.5.
  • Photographic Film
  • 10.16.6.
  • Metal Nanoparticle Sensors and SERS
  • 10.17.
  • Extraordinary Light Transmission and Plasmonic Crystals
  • Further Reading.

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