Production of temporary bone scaffold reinforced with OPEFB-CMC from oil palm empty fruit bunch
Bone fracture is a common injury because of its nature position that is mostly closest to skin and exposed to excessive compression and depression. Current treatment for bone fracture employs the scaffolding approaches which are specifically positioned for a certain period of time. These allow the d...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Published: |
2015
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/8883/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/8883/1/ELIZA_M._YUSUP.pdf |
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| Summary: | Bone fracture is a common injury because of its nature position that is mostly closest to
skin and exposed to excessive compression and depression. Current treatment for bone
fracture employs the scaffolding approaches which are specifically positioned for a
certain period of time. These allow the defective bones to undergo proper healing
processes. However, these scaffolds have two issues that need to be addressed; the
material’s compatibility and degradability. Previously, there was poor interaction
between the Chitosan (CS) and Hydroxyapatite (HA)/nano HA (nHA) phases causing
the composite to have poor physico-chemical properties. This research used
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as the reinforcement material for CS / HA or nHA
composite scaffold. The main objective is to produce CMC from Oil Palm Empty Fruit
Bunch (OPEFB) for temporary biodegradable bone scaffold from a combination of
CMC, CS and HA/nHA. Series of experiments were done including extracting CMC
from the OPEFB, fabricating composite scaffold by a co-solution method followed by
freeze-drying approach to produce a porous bone implant. The final procedure was to
analyse the CMC and scaffold produced by various analyses and tests including FTIR,
SEM, EDX, TGA and compressive-modulus for its mechanical characteristics. The
findings indicated that the strength has increased within 32 – 50 kPa with CMC content
compared to chitosan scaffold alone which was only recorded at 0.042 – 0.7 kPa. With
the additional of Calcium Phosphate the results only recorded from 0.024 kPa until 2
kPa. The composite scaffold was also successfully constructed with lots of pores,
allowing the scaffold to demonstrate preferential proliferation and extracellular matrices
and generate mineralised bones. The investigation was extended to in-vitro test
involving Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) solution to evaluate the biodegradation rate and the growing of apatite layer during immersion. The implant had exhibited
biodegradation feature parallel to new bone formation. The ability in attracting Calcium
(Ca) and Phosphate (P) elements for apatite layer development on its surface was also
proven with the calculated value of Ca/P ratio that has identical value with the theory, at
1.67. |
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